Periods of English Literature Essay Example

Times of English Literature Essay For comfort of conversation, history specialists isolate the progression of English writing into fragments of time that are called periods. The specific number, dates, and names of these periods vary,but the rundown beneath adjusts to across the board practice. The rundown is trailed by a short remark on every period, in sequential request. 450-1066 Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 1066-1500 Middle English Period 1500-1660 The Renaissance (or Early Modern) 1558-1603 Elizabethan Age 603-1625 Jacobean Age 1625-1649 Caroline Age 1649-1660 Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) 1660-1785 The Neoclassical Period 1660-1700 The Restoration 1700-1745 The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 1745-1785 The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson) 1785-1830 The Romantic Period 1832-1901 The Victorian Period 1848-1860 The Pre-Raphaelites 1880-1901 Aestheticism and Decadence 1901-1914 The Edwardian Period 1910-1936 The Georgian Period 1914-The Modern Period 1945-PostmodernismThe Old English Perio d, or the Anglo-Saxon Period, stretched out from the attack of Celtic England by Germanic clans (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the principal half of the fifth century to the triumph of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the initiative of William the Conqueror. Simply after they had been changed over to Christianity in the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose previous writing had been oral, start to build up a composed writing. (See oral standard verse. An elevated level of culture and learning was before long accomplished in different religious communities; the eighth-century churchmen Bede and Alcuin were significant researchers who wrote in Latin, the standard language of universal grant. The verse written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon, referred to likewise as Old English, included Beowulf (eighth century), the best of Germanic epic sonnets, and such verse mourns as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and Deor, the entirety of which, however made by Christian authors, m irror the states of life in the agnostic past.Caedmon and Cynewulf were artists who composed on scriptural and strict topics, and there endure various Old English existences of holy people, messages, and rewords of books of the Bible. Alfred the Great, a West Saxon ruler (871-99) who for a period joined all the realms of southern England against another rush of Germanic trespassers, the Vikings, was no less significant as a supporter of writing than as a warrior. He himself converted into Old English different books of Latin writing, managed interpretations by different hands, and established the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a nonstop record, step by step, of significant occasions in England.See H. M. Chadwick, The Heroic Age (1912); S. B. Greenfield, A Critical History of Old English Literature (1965); C. L. Wrenn, A Study of Old English Literature (1966). Center English Period. The four and a half hundreds of years between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which affected radical changes in t he language, life, and culture of England, and around 1500, when the standard abstract language (getting from the lingo of the London territory) had become unmistakably present day Englishâ€that is, like the language we talk and compose today.The length from 1100 to 1350 is now and then segregated as the Anglo-Norman Period, in light of the fact that the non-Latin writing of that time was composed principally in Anglo-Norman, the French tongue spoken by the intruders who had set up themselves as the decision class of England, and who imparted an artistic culture to French-talking zones of terrain Europe. Among the significant and powerful works from this period are Marie de Frances Lais (c. 1180â€which may have been composed while Marie was at the regal court in England), Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meuns Roman de la Rose (12257-75? , and Chretien de Troyes Erec et Enide (the principal Arthurian sentiment, C. 1165) and Yvain (c. 1177-81). At the point when the local vernac ularâ€descended from Anglo-Saxon, however with broad lexical and syntactic components absorbed from Anglo-Norman, and known as center Englishâ€came into general abstract use, it was from the start chiefly the vehicle for strict and admonitory works. The principal extraordinary time of fundamentally mainstream literatureâ€rooted in the Anglo-Norman, French, Irish, and Welsh, just as the local English literatureâ€was the second 50% of the fourteenth century.This was the time of Chaucer and John Gower, of William Langlands incredible strict and humorous sonnet Piers Plowman, and of the unknown ace who composed four significant sonnets in complex alliterative meter, including Pearl, a funeral poem, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. This last work is the most practiced of the English chivalric sentiments; the most eminent exposition sentiment was Thomas Malorys Morte dArthur, composed a century later. The extraordinary artists of the fifteenth century were the Scottish Cha ucerians, who included King James I of Scotland and Robert Henryson.The fifteenth century was more significant for famous writing than for the sly writing routed to the high societies: it was the time of numerous great tunes, common and strict, and of society melodies, just as the blooming time of the marvel and ethical quality plays, which were composed and created for the overall population. See W. L. Renwick and H. Orton, The Beginnings of English Literature to Skelton (fire up. , 1952); H. S. Bennett, Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century (1947); Edward Vasta, ed. , Middle English Survey: Critical Essays (1965). The Renaissance, 1500-1660.There is an expanding use by history specialists of the term early present day to indicate this period: see the section Renaissance. Elizabethan Age. Carefully, the time of the rule of Elizabeth I (1558-1603); the term Elizabethan, in any case, is frequently utilized freely to allude to the late sixteenth and mid seventeenth hundreds of years, much after the passing of Elizabeth. This was a period of quick advancement in English trade, oceanic force, and patriot feelingâ€the thrashing of the Spanish Armada happened in 1588. It was an incredible (in show the best) time of English literatureâ€the time of Sir Philip Sidney, Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, Sir Walter Raleigh, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, and numerous other uncommon scholars of composition and of emotional, verse, and account verse. Various researchers have thought back on this time as one of scholarly rationality and social request; a compelling model was E. M. W. Tillyards The Elizabethan World Picture (1943). Late recorded pundits, in any case, have underlined its scholarly vulnerabilities and political and social clashes; see new historicism. Jacobean Age. The rule of James I (in Latin, Jacobus), 1603-25, which followed that of Queen Elizabeth.This was the period in composition works of Bacon, John Donnes messages, Robert Burtons Anatomy o f Melancholy, and the King James interpretation of the Bible. It was additionally the hour of Shakespeares most noteworthy catastrophes and tragicomedies, and of significant compositions by other eminent artists and writers including Donne, Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, Lady Mary Wroth, Sir Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, John Webster, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, Philip Massinger, and Elizabeth Cary, whose outstanding scriptural dramatization The Tragedy of Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry was first long play by an Englishwoman to be published.See Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (1934); Douglas Bush, English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century (1945); C. V. Wedgewood, Seventeenth Century English Literature (1950). Caroline Age. The rule of Charles I, 1625-49; the name is gotten from Carolus, the Latin variant of Charles. This was the hour of the English Civil War battled between the supporters of the lord (known as Cavaliers) and the supporters o f Parliament (known as Roundheads/from their custom of wearing their hair style short).John Milton started his composition during this period; it was the age likewise of the strict artist George Herbert and of the exposition essayists Robert Burton and Sir Thomas Browne. Related with the court were the Cavalier artists, essayists of clever and cleaned verses of romance and valor. The gathering included Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew. Robert Herrick, albeit a nation parson, is regularly ordered with the Cavalier writers since, similar to them, he was a Son of Benâ€that is, an admirer and supporter of Ben Jonsonâ€in a significant number of his verses of adoration and chivalrous compliment.See Robin Skelton, Cavalier Poets (1960). The Commonwealth Period, otherwise called the Puritan Interregnum,extends from the finish of the Civil War and the execution of Charles I in 1649 to the reclamation of the Stuart government under Charles II in 1660. In this period England was governed by Parliament under the Puritan chief Oliver Cromwell; his passing in 1658 denoted the disintegration of the Commonwealth. Dramatization nearly vanished for a long time after the Puritans shut the open performance centers in September 1642, on good and strict grounds, yet additionally to forestall open gatherings that may instigate common disorder.It was the period of Miltons political leaflets, of Hobbes political treatise Leviathan (1651), of the exposition journalists Sir Thomas Browne, Thomas Fuller, Jeremy Taylor, and Izaak Walton, and of the artists Henry Vaughan, Edmund Waller, Abraham Cowley, Sir William Davenant, and Andrew Marvell. The Neoclassical Period, 1660-1785; see the section neoclassic and sentimental. Reclamation. This period takes its name from the rebuilding of the Stuart line (Charles II) to the English seat in 1660, toward the finish of the Commonwealth; it is determined as going on until 1700.The urbanity, mind, and prurience of the exis tence focusing on the court, in sharp differentiation to the earnestness and restraint of the previous Puritan system, is reflected in a great part of the writing of this age. The venues returned to lively life after the disavowal of the boycott put on them by the Puritans in 1642, despite the fact that they turned out to be more

6 Reasons to Read Before Class

6 Reasons to Read Before Class Everyones school and graduate school experience is somewhat extraordinary, however the one thing all share practically speaking is perusing. You definitely realize that school involves a great deal of perusing. Learn to expect the unexpected. Graduate school is way worse. Expect your perusing burden to significantly increase, at any rate, in graduate school. With such a tremendous arrangement of understanding assignments, you may be enticed to fall behind and not read before class. Here are six reasons why you ought to stay away from allurement and read in front of the class. Take advantage of the Class Time Class time is significant. Be certain that you can track. At the point when you read early, you are bound to comprehend the association of the talk. Youll be better ready to make sense of whats significant and what isnt (and in this way take viable notes). Comprehend the Topic and What You Don't Understand On the off chance that everything that you hear in class is new, in what capacity will you figure out what you comprehend and whether you have questions? On the off chance that you have perused in advance you can concentrate on filling holes in your comprehension by giving more consideration during certain pieces of the talk and by posing inquiries. Partake Most classes require probably some interest. Be prepared to respond to questions and to talk about the subject. Its simple to take part when you know the theme. Perusing heretofore encourages you to comprehend the material and gives you an opportunity to think about your viewpoint and assessments. Dont get captured ill-equipped. Teachers suppositions matter - don't get found faking it. Hotshot Perusing before class lets you show that youve read, that you give it a second thought, and that you are shrewd. Youll have the option to pose great inquiries and take part in a manner that shows arrangement, intrigue, and authority of the material. These are altogether positive stamps in profs sees. Take an interest in Group Work Numerous classes require bunch work, frequently in class. In the event that you have perused, you are prepared and likely won't mooch off of your cohorts, or advantage from their difficult work. Thusly, on the off chance that you have perused you can tell when the gathering is messing up. In spite of certain generalizations, successful gathering work requires readiness. Show Respect Perusing early shows regard for the teacher and enthusiasm for the class. While educators sentiments ought not be the essential helper of your conduct, associations with workforce are significant and this is one simple approach to get your relationship with your teacher looking great so far. Think ahead-workforce are frequently significant assets for counsel, suggestion letters, and openings. Numerous understudies discover perusing tedious, a lot of work. Take a stab at utilizing perusing techniques, for example, the SQ3R strategy.

The Story of the 5 Wits

The Story of the 5 Wits Once upon an IAP, there were 5 externs* who were lucky enough to be selected to work at a magical company called 5 Wits Productions, where many adventures awaited them. For you see, engineers at 5 Wits got to bring peoples dreams to life. They made it possible for people like you and me to experience things that we thought we only saw in movies. At 5 Wits, you could be a spy and infiltrate an evil corporation or discover Captain Nemos abandoned submarine from 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Now, you may be wondering why this is the story of the 5 Wits. Well, there was Common Sense, who decided that she could make water just the right temperature to drink by mixing hot water with ice. Memory, who couldnt remember what the 5 wits were. Fantasy, who loved to dream of castles and crowns. Estimation, who was great at estimating the amount of pizza she could eat. Imagination, who loved to imagine he was a beaver. Or a dragon? On the first day, the 5 Wits were given their assignment: To come up with Medieval puzzles and challenges for an upcoming adventure that was opening this coming summer. The Wits were all very excited about their project and started sketching and brainstorming. They eventually came up with a hundred different ideas which they plastered all over the walls of the conference room, which slowly became their home away from MIT over the month. Eventually, their brains were tired, so the Wits began whittling down their ideas to the ones they wanted to work on and started creating cardboard prototypes . After testing the game play and refining their ideas, the Wits began making more polished versions of their puzzles.The CNC router quickly became the Wits favorite tool to make their shield puzzle pieces and even a stained glass window box! Common Sense and Estimation spent lots of time painting stained glass. Fantasy, Imagination, and Memory spent their time sanding down and painting their shields. They finished their puzzle pretty early but decided they wanted to add some glowing gems for an added effect. On the last day, the 5 Wits presented their final prototypes. Imagination modeling for the stained glass window puzzle. The shield puzzle game, with glowing colored gems! The Wits had a fun afternoon sharing their projects with everyone at 5 Wits Productions But when the clock struck 7 oclock, the 5 Wits knew it was time to say good-bye to their awesome mentors, Spike and Matt (the MIT alum who started the company!). Although they were sad on the ride home that they wouldnt be returning for a while, the 5 Wits were very satisfied with their final projects and couldnt imagine spending their IAP any other way. The end. Thanks to all the wonderful people at 5 Wits Productions who helped us out over the month and made the externship so enjoyable! Also, thanks to my fellow 4 wits who made my experience so fun. I looked forward to working with them every day! massive photo credit to Brigitte 13 who took most of the photos. Lastly, to everyone who lives in MA, I definitely recommend going to one of 5 Wits shows! Check them out here. *extern- (noun) a MIT word for an intern who works off campus for IAP

How Does Static Electricity Work

Have you ever gotten a shock from touching a doorknob, or seen your hair get frizzy on particularly cold, dry days? If you’ve had any of these experiences, youve encountered static electricity. Static electricity is the buildup of electric charge (positive or negative) in one location. Its also called â€Å"electricity at rest.† Key Takeaways: Static Electricity Static electricity occurs when charge builds up in one place. Objects typically have an overall charge of zero, so accumulating a charge requires the transfer of electrons from one object to another. There are several ways to transfer electrons and thus build up a charge: friction (the triboelectric effect), conduction, and induction. The Causes of Static Electricity An electrical charge—defined as either positive or negative—is a property of matter that causes two electrical charges to attract or repel. When two electrical charges are of the same kind (both positive or both negative), they will repel one another. When they are different (one positive and one negative), they will attract. Static electricity occurs when charge builds up in one place. Typically, objects are neither positively or negatively charged—they experience an overall charge of zero. Accumulating a charge requires the transfer of electrons from one object to another. Removing negatively charged electrons from a surface will cause that surface to become positively charged, while adding electrons to a surface will cause that surface to become negatively charged. Thus, if electrons are transferred from Object A to Object B, Object A will become positively charged and Object B will become negatively charged. Charging by Friction (Triboelectric Effect) The triboelectric effect refers to the transfer of charge (electrons) from one object to another when they are rubbed together, via friction. For example, the triboelectric effect may occur when you shuffle across a carpet wearing socks during the winter. The triboelectric effect tends to occur when both objects are electrically insulating, meaning electrons cannot freely flow. When the two objects are rubbed together and then separated, the surface of one object has gained a positive charge, while the surface of the other object has gained a negative charge. The charge of the two objects after separation can be predicted from the triboelectric series, which lists materials in the order in which they are prone to become positively or negatively charged. Because electrons cannot freely move, the two surfaces can remain charged for a long time, unless they are exposed to an electrically conducting material. If an electrically conducting material like metal is touched to the charged surfaces, the electrons will be able to move freely, and the charge from the surface will be removed. This is why adding water to hair that is frizzing due to static electricity will remove the static. Water containing dissolved ions—as is the case with tap water or rainwater—is electrically conducting and will remove the charges that have accumulated on hair. Charging by Conduction and Induction Conduction refers to the transfer of electrons when objects are placed in contact with one another. For example, a surface that is positively charged can gain electrons when it touches a neutrally charged object, causing the second object to become positively charged and the first object to become less positively charged than it previously was. Induction does not involve a transfer of electrons, nor does it involve direct contact. Rather, it uses the principle that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. Induction occurs with two electrical conductors, because they allow charges to move freely. Here is an example of charging by induction. Imagine that two metal objects, A and B, are placed in contact with one another. A negatively charged object is placed to the left of Object A, which repels the electrons on the left side of Object A and causes them to move to Object B. The two objects are then separated, and the charge redistributes itself over the entire object, leaving Object A positively charged and Object B negatively charged overall. Sources Beaver, John B., and Don Powers. Electricity and Magnetism: Static Electricity, Current Electricity, and Magnets. Mark Twain Media, 2010.Christopoulos, Christos. Principles and Techniques of Electromagnetic Compatibility. CRC Press, 2007.Vasilescu, Gabriel. Electronic Noise and Interfering Signals Principles and Applications. Springer, 2005.

The Six Stages Of Critical Thinking - 947 Words

Introduction We will be discussing the six stages of critical thinking presented by Paul and Elder. We will be exploring each stage to gain a better understanding of how each stage works towards becoming a better critical thinker. We will commence self observation of ourselves and see what stage we consider ourselves to be currently at. Finally, we will set a long term goal and generate a plan to obtain that goal of becoming a overall better critical thinker. Unreflective Thinker The unreflective thinker does not stop and observe their thoughts or how those thoughts affect there actions or beliefs (Paul Elder, Critical Thinking in Everyday Life: 9 Strategies, 2001; Paul Elder, Critical Thinking Development: A Stage Theory, 2001). The unreflective thinker is also lacks the knowledge that he/she has problems in there thinking (Paul Elder, Critical Thinking Development: A Stage Theory, 2001). Unreflective thinkers tend to have some skills unknowingly but these skills had been picked up during challenging times while not aware and are not orchestrated in any manner (Paul Elder, Critical Thinking in Everyday Life: 9 Strategies, 2001) The Challenged Thinker starts to recognize that there is existing problems with his or her thinking (Paul Elder, Critical Thinking in Everyday Life: 9 Strategies, 2001). This thinker starts to notice these issues by conductive self reflection and deep thought (Paul Elder, Critical Thinking Development: A Stage Theory, 2001). 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The Positive Effects of Technology on Education Free Essays

One of the greatest areas in which technology has the potential to benefit education is its role in being a catalyst for change in educational pedagogy. Research shows that student centered, constructivist approaches to education lead to better achievement in testing and preparing students with the skills necessary in the modern workplace. A study done in Turkey found that students who learned in a classroom showed greater cooperation and collaboration, higher levels of learning, more confidence, and more willingness to participate in learning activities (Erdamar, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on The Positive Effects of Technology on Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other studies have found that student centered learning leads to better performance on tests and better retention of knowledge immediately after learning as well as 30 days after learning (Karaduman, 2002). Future workplace will require students to have skills related to technology, including the technical ability. These technical skills are not enough. Today’s workplace requires that one has less tangible skills, including the ability to collaborate, interpersonal skills, creativity, and problem solving skills, to name a few. Technology, combined with a student centered, constructivist mode of learning, has the potential to provide students with higher-level cognitive and interpersonal skills (Koller, Harvey ; Magnotta, 2001). Scholastic and the Bill ; Melinda Gates Foundation (2012) found that teachers need more tangible learning resources such as instructional materials workbooks, technology, software programs, textbooks, and mixed media. Teachers say also that they need support to help them learn best practices and strategies for differentiation of instruction to address individual student learning needs. They want to learn teaching practices that instruct and engage students in the best possible ways. Lastly, teachers say that professional learning has a strong or very strong impact on student achievement (Killion, 2012). Technology does not revolutionize education, but rather the way in which it is used by teachers and students. Seemingly, it is not advisable to change current classroom practices of teachers abruptly without giving enough time to get used to the presence and utilization of technology as an instructional aid. For teachers to adopt technology as an instructional aid, they need to experience some degree of success with it. The experience will motivate them to make further and more effective instructional use. Transition from non-computer based instruction to an engaging computer-based learning environment should be gradual, smooth and well-planned. Subsequent training conducted in a timely fashion and support available, teachers will be able to make increasing instructional use of computers in the classroom (Jhurree, 2008). How to cite The Positive Effects of Technology on Education, Papers

OthelloRole Of Women Essay Research Paper Shakespeare free essay sample

Othello-Role Of Women Essay, Research Paper Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Othello is normally regarded as a work picturing adult male # 8217 ; s ability to utilize his ground towards evil purposes. A humble antediluvian in a general # 8217 ; s ground forces is able to destruct him through use and fraudulence. But although Iago # 8217 ; s fraudulence of Othello is doubtless a cardinal subject in the drama, another subject sing the nature of the adult male towards adult female is evident. Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Othello suggests that work forces mistreat adult females because adult females, as a sex, allow themselves to be mistreated. The mistreatment of adult females by their work forces occurs throughout the drama. The chief characters view their married womans or important others as inferiors and normally simply as objects of lecherousness and physical desire. This misogynous position is reflected in some signifier or other by all of the chief characters. Iago is the most misogynous of the work forces. We will write a custom essay sample on OthelloRole Of Women Essay Research Paper Shakespeare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He considers love to be # 8220 ; simply a lecherousness of the blood and a permission of the will. # 8221 ; ( 1.3.377-378 ) He besides believes all adult females are prostitutes who # 8220 ; rise to play, and travel to bed to work. # 8221 ; ( 2.1.127 ) Iago # 8217 ; s misogynism is manifested in the intervention of his married woman. He seems to hold merely unkind words for his married woman, and even putting to deaths her when she exposes his ambidextrous secret plan at the terminal of the drama. The other two male characters besides mistreat their adult females. Cassio appears to hold no existent feelings for Bianca. He is a lady # 8217 ; s adult male, and hence can non be concerned with such things as true love. Even Othello, the one character who truly loves his married woman, mistreats Desdemona. He ends up smothering her because he believes she has been unfaithful to him. The fact that Othello, a baronial and loving hubby, maltreat his married woman illustrates the gener al disdain and misogynism that the work forces experience throughout the drama. But though the work forces regard the adult females as inferiors, the adult females neer confront or resist their mistreatment. On the contrary, they remain obsequiously loyal to their partners. One such illustration from the drama is Emilia # 8217 ; s larceny of Desdemona # 8217 ; s hankie. Although Iago mistreats Emilia and detests her, Emilia remains more loyal to him than to pacify and caring Desdemona. She gives the hankie even after Iago calls her # 8220 ; a foolish married woman # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; a good wench. # 8221 ; Another female character, Bianca, besides allows herself to be mistreated. Bianca believes that she is in cubic decimeter ove with Cassio and will therefore make anything for him. But Cassio does non reciprocate Bianca’s feelings. He states to Iago â€Å"Alas, hapless knave, I think i’ religion she loves me.† ( 4.1.128 ) Cassio basically uses Bianca’s love to his ain agencies. He gets her to willingly make jobs for him ( e.g. copy the embellishment from Desdemona’s hankie ) and goes to her house for dinner and other amusement whenever he pleases. However, neither Emilia nor Bianca’s mistreatment is every bit tragic as Othello’s maltreatment of Desdemona. At the beginning of the drama, Othello and Desdemona are wholly in love and it is impossible to believe Othello capable of aching her in any manner. By the terminal of the drama nevertheless, Othello is determined to kill Desdemona. When Desdemona learns of Othello’s purposes, she resists feebly, but accepts her destiny. When asked who her liquidator is, Desdemona says, â€Å"Nobody. I myself. Far ewell. Commend me to my sort Godhead. O, farewell.† ( 5.2.152-153 ) No where is the submissiveness of the adult females to their important others more evident than in this scene. Desdemona’s last words are to unclutter her hubby of the incrimination in her slaying, though he is the 1 who carried out the title. Therefore, non merely are adult females mistreated, they seem to accept their mistreatment with small opposition. The fact that work forces abused adult females without effect was a common one in Shakespeare # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours and age. Despite the Chivalric Code during the Middle Ages and the ideal of the Courtier during the Renaissance, there was no existent social effect for hubbies that mistreated their married womans. On the contrary, adult females were regarded as the belongings of their work forces and therefore, could be treated in anyhow the hubby saw fit. The construct of equality among both of the sexes is one that genuinely emerged merely at the start of the twentieth century. Change in the society # 8217 ; s position of adult females merely came about when adult females began to talk out against their mistreatment and lower status. Therefore, through his drama, Shakespeare remarks on a by and large accepted social position of his twenty-four hours. Through the interactions of his characters, Shakespeare brings to illume the mistreatment of adult females by work forces and besides shows how adult females did non defy this mistreatment. Shakespeare # 8217 ; s highly progressive position on adult females in society is another testament to his mastermind and endowment as a dramatist.

THE PERSONALITY OF CLEOPATRA VII essays

THE PERSONALITY OF CLEOPATRA VII essays Cleopatra VIIs personal abilities, such as her apparent intellectual ease for learning and her political awareness along with her personal attributes, such as her suggested beauty or captivating presence led her to be viewed in equally positive and negative ways in both the Roman and Hellenistic worlds. Her background, social position and status, and rise to prominence also helped generate the idea that she was a woman who could threaten many men around her. Many people (especially the Romans) did not like her because she, being Queen of Egypt, presented a danger to the Roman Empire. Cleopatra was one of the most powerful leaders of that time, so unavoidably people either held her in esteem or disliked her intensely. The relevance of Cleopatras background is significant when attempting to understand her personality and her rise to prominence. Firstly, she belonged to the Ptolemy Family, a royal family notorious for incest and vicious infighting. It may be the supposedly unstable nature implied of the Ptolemy family that can be held responsible for the fact that some people did not trust her and saw her as an unstable and therefore unpredictable ruler. It can also be said that because the Ptolemies were often viewed as particularly inept and poor specimens of humanity it may have damaged her rule before it had even begun as people may have thought the same of her. Rather paradoxically, Cleopatra was believed to be highly regarded socially unlike her family was. Famous historian Plutarch says that she was to be of a rather exalted position. Knowing several languages, being very intelligent and being able to captivate her listeners when she spoke would have intimidated the Romans because she had the ability to influence Rome s men and use them for her benefit. Appian once said in his Civil Wars that when Cleopatra met Mark Antony (he) was amazed at her wit as well as her good looks a...

Thanking in French - Merci et Les Autres Remerciements

Thanking in French - Merci et Les Autres Remerciements You all know â€Å"merci†. But there are different ways to say thank you in French, as well as different meanings to the word. Merci: The Common Way of Saying Thank You in French â€Å"Merci† is ‘thank you’. Its pronounced â€Å"mair see† with an open ‘ay’ sound not a closed ‘ur’ sound. You can make it stronger by saying â€Å"merci beaucoup† – ‘thank you very much’. Note that the very is included, you cannot say â€Å"merci trà ¨s beaucoup†. To say ‘a thousand thanks’ we say â€Å"mille mercis† or â€Å"merci mille fois†. It’s pretty common in French as it is in English. You usually accompany a vocal â€Å"merci† with a smile, and it implies that you accept whatever is being offered to you. However, if you want to refuse something, you could say â€Å"non merci†, or even just say â€Å"merci† with a hand gesture, showing your palm to the person in front of you in a kind of stop gesture.  You make shake your head â€Å"no† at the same time. You may smile or not, depending on how firm you want the  refusal to be. When you thank someone, they may answer merci toi / vous - in English, youd say thank YOU, with the emphasis on the you, meaning I am the one thanking you. Je Vous/Te Remercie Pour... I Thank You For in French Another way to say ‘thank you’ is to use the verb â€Å"remercier†. â€Å"Remercier†, ‘to thank’ is followed by a direct object (so it will take the pronouns me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les), and then by â€Å"pour† ‘for’, just as it is in English. Je vous/te remercie pour ce dà ©licieux dà ®ner. I thank you for this delicious dinner meal. Note that the verb â€Å"remercier† has a stem in â€Å"i†, so the final sound will often be a vowel, just like the verb â€Å"à ©tudier†. Je vous/te remercie pour les fleurs – I thank you for the flowers.Je voulais vous/te remercier pour votre/ta gentillesse – I wanted to thank you for your kindness. Using â€Å"remercier† is very formal in French, much less common than using â€Å"merci†. Click here for more ways of expressing gratitude in French. Les Remerciements - The Thanks When talking about the thanks, the noun, you’d use the noun â€Å"le/les remerciement(s)†, usually used in the plural. Tu as les remerciements de Susan – you have Susan’s thanks.Je voudrais lui adresser mes remerciements – I would like to send him/her my thanks. No Thanksgiving in France Thanksgiving  is not a French holiday at all, and most French people have never heard of it. They may have seen some Thanksgiving dinner on a sitcom on TV, but probably discarded the info. There is no Black Friday sale in France either.   In Canada, Thanksgiving is called â€Å"l’Action de Grà ¢ce(s)† with or without an S and is celebrated pretty much in the same fashion as in the US, but on the second Monday of October. Thank You  Notes in France Its somewhat less common in France to write une carte de remerciement. I mean, its not uncommon, and its very polite, but its not like in the Anglo-Saxon countries  where Thank You cards are a huge market. If youve been treated to something really special, you can absolutely send a thank you card or a handwritten note, but dont expect your French friend to necessarily reciprocate. Its not rude of them, its just not that deeply rooted in our politeness.

Women, Work and Class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Women, Work and Class - Assignment Example However, masculinity represents power not only of any men but white men that too those who leadership positions in the society. Hegemonic masculinity represents power that is attributed to men in high positions and such power is taken for granted whenever any man holds a certain position in the society. Hegemonic masculinity â€Å"legitimates the power of those who embody it† (Acker, 2006, p.82). In essential, hegemonic masculinity can be associated with violent acts like using violence for colonial conquests. In modern capitalism, violence is often masked by objective conditions like top managers in any organization can fire employees to increase profits thus creating unemployment (Acker, 2006, p.83). Hegemonic masculinity represents a country’s culture and heritage and this can be different in each country. Acker (2006) has given the example of Swedish banks trained and ambitious men in high positions give more priority to making profits than satisfying the needs of t he customers (Acker, 2006, p.84). Hegemonic masculinity is the power bestowed on men in position, and in the real sense it gives men in authority to use their power to bring positive changes in the society. Political leaders of a country can use the power bestowed on them to promote goodwill and harmony with other countries. 2. Means of provisioning In economic perspective, class differentiation is based on access of means of provisioning and survival. In a capitalistic society, production process and finances are executed with the objective of maximizing profit. Therefore, although some classes are provided with maximum resources, there are other classes whose production and resource accumulation capacities are undermined. Education and community play an important role in access to provisions, because these factors contribute towards â€Å"finding paid job at living wages† (Acker, 2006, p.55). Those who have control over production jobs receive highest returns in the field o f distribution. An economic structure of a nation is formed on the basis of distribution of provisions i.e. necessary supplies like food and clothing needed for survival. Provisioning occurs through paid or unpaid method of production, and distribution of results of production like wages and profits. Provisioning also affects gender and race. Many employees hire male workers in skilled trades or specific racial people for menial jobs for lower wages (Acker, 2006, p.170). However, with increase of service sector jobs, women labour is increasing thus making women breadwinners for families (Acker, 2006, p.172). Acker (2006) has given the example of housewife who does unpaid work of maintaining family. She has little control over means of provisions since she is dependent for provisions on others who are engaged in production and distribution processes (Acker, 2006, p.63). Today, education has become universal and also with increased job opportunities for all gender and races, power ove r means of provisioning is no more restricted to specific gender or race. Therefore, by contribution towards provisioning it is possible for any individual to become a significant shaper of a nation’s economy. 3. Corporate nonresponsibility Corporate nonresponsibility emphasizes the role of household women in the field of care and survival. This concept actually moves the responsibility of those with power and wealth and shifts it to women from poor and minority communities. It devalues their position but they are bound by responsibilities to take care of their lives and lives of others (Acker, 2006, p.9) Nonresponsibility can be turned to globalization processes. The scopes for profit and production without challenges to nonresponsibility act as encouraging factors for shifting production from

Research Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Research Paper 1 - Essay Example the client acted on advice of counsel". Some of its derivatives include, but are not limited to, advisory counsel, appellate counsel, assigned counsel, corporate counsel, general counsel and King's Counsel. Under the Old Testament the word "counsel" and its derivatives, (which include "counselor") appear 118 times along the span of a number of constituent books that, on the whole form the first part of the Bible. Some of these Books (along with a selection of the references) are listed herein below.2 Please note that the relevant words are italicized and that, more importantly, these are not an exhaustive list.3 "An adviser (Proverbs 11:14; 15:22), a king's state counsellor (2 Samuel 15:12). Used once of the Messiah (Isaiah 9:6). In Mark 15:43, Luke 23:50, the word probably means a member of the Jewish Sanhedrim." It is clear, whether used as a verb, or a noun, the term "counsel" remains remarkably similar in use and in definition, as exemplified in the references above, to the definition provided by Black's Law Dictionary. It is to this extent, that we may deduce the word to mean "advice" or "advice"/"advisor". Furthermore, please note the use of the term in the New Testament. As mentioned above, the references are only to provide a guideline of what is the prevalent position of the term and are not a conclusive list of its appearance in the New Testament.5 It is clear that the use of the term does not differ much from its use in the Old Testament. It is to this effect, that it can seen that the use of the word "counsel" to be synonymous with the word advice. On a clear and literal interpretation of the word, counsel and advice, or, in addition, counselor and advisor mean much the same thing. Healing through Jesus Christ has many biblical examples like the story of the healing at the pool of Bethesda in John 5:2-15. "In these lay a great multitude of sick people, blind, lame, paralyzed, waiting for the moving of the water," (John 5:3 ). The word wisdom is generally associated with its root word "wise", which is defined Showing good judgement or the benefit of experience." although this takes the form of the adjective; the noun is defined by Wiktionary6 as either the element of personal character that causes one to distinguish the wise from the unwise, a piece of wise advice, the discretionary use of knowledge for the greatest good.7Furthermore the Dictionary also describes it as the ability to apply relevant knowledge in an insightful way, especially to different situations from that in which the knowledge was gained. According the Oxford English Dictionary wisdom is the capacity to judge rightly in matters relating to life and conduct and allowing soundness of judgement in our daily decisions in a more practical way. Wisdom is defined by Easton's Bible Dictionary as: "A moral rather than an intellectual quality. To be "foolish" is to be godless (Psalm 14:1; Comp. Judges 19:23; 2 Samuel 13:13). True wisdom is a gift from God to those who ask it (Job 28:12-28; Proverbs 3:13-18; Romans 1:22; 16:27; 1 Corinthians 1:17-21; 2:6-8; James 1:5). "Wisdom" in Proverbs 1:20; 8:1; 9:1-5 may be regarded not as a mere personification of the attribute of wisdom, but as a divine

Education Essays Distance Education Learning

Education Essays Distance Education Learning Distance Education Learning Information Technology and Distance Learning Introduction Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that depends on the Information technology, and instructional systems that plan to provide learning to students who are physically not present in a class room setting. In stead of attending courses personally, teachers and students communicate at times of their convenience and choosing and exchange printed or electronic material through any suitable technology. Online education can be as recognized as a tangible and interactive learning experience through which students can earn even a doctoral degree. Virtual classrooms use the internet to have a mutual multimedia experience where one can have video conferences, video lessons and other stimulating learning prospects. Concept f distant learning is not new as it was University of London that first offered distance learning degrees, establishing its External Program in 1858[ Key Facts]. Distance learning is the delivery of instruction and the fulfillment of course work from remote locations; allowing instructors and students to interact without being in the same place. New technologies have made distance learning an increasingly popular option for institutions and students alike. The Internet, e-mail, video conferencing, and other interactive systems allow schools to experiment with unique modes of teaching and learning, use resources that do not reside on their own campuses, and attract faculty and students who are far from campus or cannot travel to campus very often. The first Open University is United Kingdom Open University (UKOU) that was established in the late 1960s and initially utilized television and radio as its main methodologies. Now a days almost all open universities use distance education technologies as basic teaching approach [Moore, Michael G (33-36)]. Advantages of Distance learning Although there is no substitute for regular education system but distance learning is contributing considerably in the field of education. A distance learning program has a number of advantages. It provides opportunity to the learners to have little interference in the professional life. It is an excellent alternative for those who look for improving their careers or who require some special form of training. Online distance education is rapidly increasing among mainstream universities in the United States, where online doctoral programs have even developed at prestigious research institutions [Hebert, D. G.2007]. Some people who work cannot afford to spare time for regular classes and at the same time need to enhance their skills for further development in career. Some people who want to study in prestigious institutions and do not get opportunity to physically join such institute for want of finances or inter government permissions also make us e of this system to obtain the required education. Distance learning can offer them experience to learn through new technologies, methods and approaches and gain knowledge and practical experience. Distance learning programs are easier to be planned as it needs a smaller amount of time and commitment. Distance learning programs present more geographic flexibility. They also offer introduce the learners to students of various origins and afford them an opportunity to have interaction. Distance learning programs offer access to faculty in many different locations where as class work can be scheduled according to personal and professional availability. Distance learning does not involve travel and saves time that otherwise was to be spent on going and driving back. A learner can complete a large amount of the classes at convenience. Most of the classes under distance learning programs don’t require even to attend a session at a particular time and place. A learner can do and review the assignments and can do homework at its convenience. Distance learning programs make it extremely comfortable for ladies in particular and parents in general that have kids. This allows such parents not to look for care arrangements because they can take of both kids and classes from home at the same time. Information technology made the whole affairs very easy as online classes solved all possible convenience concerns. It is extremely useful for disabled persons and senior citizens who feel it hard to attend customary regular classes. They now are not much worried and concerned about having access to a classroom. Instead they can use comfortable settings in their home making the learning environments more convenient. As a result people with restricted mobility also have a chance to develop their education and shills. Virtual education is now an integral element of the planning by most institutions and training organizations. The worth of distance learning has greatly improved over a period of time in last many years, because both students and educators feel more relaxed with the technology. While quality of distance learning has improved at the same time distance learning programs also significantly increased. It is heartening to find out that distance learning organizations are now being fully recognized by the proper government agencies. The objective of official approval is to make sure that education provided by such virtual institutions meets satisfactory standard of excellence. Distance learning offers a number of advantages and opportunities for non resident students from other countries seeking an accredited degree of some high standard institutes. Possibly the most pertinent advantage involves easy approach of learning as a result keep away from the hassle of applying for a student visa to study in a specific country . Distance learning provides geographic flexibility to study in any convenient location with an internet connection and involves setting self tempo for learning [Distance Learning MBA]. Through use of technology it becomes easier to quickly look through study materials and can be well mastered. Distance learning is so designed that it allows a learner focus more strongly on curriculum, time and effort in fields that contain new information and proficiency. Distance learning also allows a learner to obtain study materials at convenience and amount at a faster speed against that of slow pace of the normal classroom settings. The learners join conversations in the communiquà © board discussion areas with flexibility and get instant feed back in form of reviews from online classmates’ comments. Distance learning is just in time learning method that offers prospect to study the up to date study material available. The most significant feature of distance learning is helping students to do well in Web base classes by creating ability to administer and manage time. A normal student can easily spend 2 to 3 hours each week for every one hour of credit for a class. Disadvantages of Distance Learning Where Distance learning has a large number of advantages it posses some inherent weaknesses as well. Basic aspect being that it is not for everyone, since it presents inadequate or rather no physical contact with associate classmates and staff. It also does not offer any social interaction and its all formal [Randall S. Hansen, Ph. D]. Distance learning at the same time does not offer the networking chance making distance learning a less vital option for career development. It is also not a good choice for someone who works in better interactive environment. The distance learning does not contain analysis of personality of a student as career placement. Distance learning programs do not offer all study disciplines making choices very limited since the technology and form of learning are comparatively new and does not go with all requirements of curriculums. Distance learning programs do not offer scholarship because learners are expected to work during the program over a long time with no much expense. Where as the distance learning is costly and involves intricate technology. Regardless of the lot of openings through distance education, there are foreseeable associated costs. Live video communication requires cautious setting up of the equipment and services. For online learning a computer with accessories and link to the internet and camera is essential. Both the instructors and students require much advance planning and while joining distance learning may require adjustments of normal activities. Distance learning does not offer realistic feedback. In a usual classroom situation, a students routine can be right away reviewed during questions and informal tests. But With distance learning, a student gets instructor’s feedback till the instructor has evaluated the work and sends a reply to. As distance learning does not always offer all the necessary courses online many students desirous to obtain specific certificate or degree program may not attain the required qualifications. No discipline requiring practical can be offered through online programs as one can study a biology lesson completely online, but cannot perform clinical practical online. Although the majority of employers do recognize distance learning but certain employers do not. Students who desire to work for an employer after graduation are required to be certain of such employers viewpoint about online distance education. Another weakness associated with distance learning is that it does not provide the learners any opportunity to work on spoken communication ability. Although it is some what possible with voice chat or conferencing but is still quite tough to understand in a voice conference settings. More over learners in distance learning courses do not get sufficient practice of verbal interaction with professors and other students though written ability improves. Challenges and Future of Distance Learning Distance learning is becoming increasingly a leading study approach particularly in office and workplace education settings in organization of different fields and dimension. Universities all over the world are improving their techniques of edification and considering enduring education and eventual learning as an essential element in teaching learning environment. Almost all education institutions of that level are using Information and Communication Technology as a means of knowledge delivery. Customary learning is also being restructured in the form of virtual learning or web-based knowledge. In countries where education is one of the neglected field distances and technology-based education is given least precedence. The large educational institutions and those who are involved in rule making do not think towards this end. Such countries face noteworthy challenges to make a way through new challenges in modern education with their ever growing populace, remoteness and vast scattered areas with non availability of modern information technology resources and limited funding as well. Despite the difficulties, where nations have a will to progress make their educational institutions expand sufficiently to accommodate the increasing number of on line students who will be looking for admission in such kind of education. Introducing web-based learning being one of the predictable solutions will continue to expand in future as well. Challenges to distance learning are normal components of any system, method, practice and without challenges there is little or no scope for perfection. Distance learning is widely used in developed countries to support education and eventual learning. This approach will continue and will be adopted by those countries as well which are not yet developed. Distance learning will remain distinctive in future as well as an innovative approach for electronically delivering, well-designed, learner oriented at anywhere, anytime through use of the internet. Distance learning will remain as part of E learning , web based learning through virtual classrooms and digital teamwork, where contents will continue to be delivered through internet, audio, video tape, and conferencing through video; satellite and etc(Hedge 2004:128-145). T he rapid and intense use of Information and communication Technology in education will continue to play a role in developed countries facilitating them to establish more and more information and communication technology based universities. Although the arrangement of information and communication technology in the developing or the least developed countries is very weak and thus, concentrated use of e-learning in Distance Education is still a dream for their high education universities (Toor 2005: 67-76). Conclusion Although distance education is not a new trend, but has got a huge increase due to developing technology. Distance education delivery will finally emerge as strong education approach with use of phone, desktop and TV at a same time in future. When distance learning commenced using information technology, it was not well accepted and the equipment needed to provide it was expensive. That has now radically changed. And technology is being well used in video, audio text, graphics, animation, and simulation. Distance education is undergoing huge transformation and has and will never reach to a stage of saturation as much is yet to be explored and presented in this field. New and well established institutions are coming up with latest equipment and large data base to provide distance learning to a growing population that wants higher education out of traditional classroom setting. Work cited Key Facts, University of London External Program Website http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/about_us/facts.shtml Moore, Michael G.; Greg Kearsley (2005) Distance Education: A Systems View, Second, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.  , (33-36) Hebert, D. G. (2007). â€Å"Five Challenges and Solutions in Online Music Teacher Education,† Research and Issues in Music Education, Vol.5 Web: http://www.stthomas.edu/rimeonline/ Distance Learning MBA http://www.mba.com/mba/FindYourProgram/ChooseAProgramType/DistanceLearning.htm Randall S. Hansen, Ph. D Distance Learning Pros and Cons http://www.quintcareers.com/distance_learning_pros-cons.html Hedge, N. and Hayward, L. 2004 â€Å"Redefining roles: University e-learning contributing to Life long learning in a networked world.† E-Leaning, 1: (128-145) Toor S K, 2005 â€Å"Hybrid Model for e-Learning at Virtual University of Pakistan† The Electronic Journal of e-Learning Volume 3 Issue 1, (67-76).

Motivational factors on the employee’s commitment Essay

Today’s organizations and companies want their enterprise to be around in the future, successful and sustainable; avoiding the risk of performance or any negative effect. They consist of employees known as personnel that turned into human resources. Some of the major factors shaping the outcome are the quality that you hold: if employees are the right people; how the manager could keep it up; how they can be motivated for good performance. Motivation is a necessary tool for management or leadership providing a reason to employees to perform in a certain way. In addition, the essay will include the academic background of motivation theories as that of Herzberg, Maslow, Adams and Vroom. Setting goals is an essential motivating process and has been the focus of recent research and theory on work motivation (Locke and Latham, 1990). Thus, examples would be provided for further and practical explanation of theories, as the cases of Starbucks, Freese and Nichols (FNI) and Apple†™s iPhone. At the start of the 20th century fundamental theories of motivation are presented, models about what motivates workers and their responses. Several theories of motivation try to analyze and estimate who wants, what and why. This is the reason why the theories of Herzberg, Maslow, Adams and Vroom have implications on the contemporary business. First, the bigger portion of Herzberg is that he developed the motivation –hygiene theory, which believes that there are many factors that workers could be motived. Byhese factors generate satisfaction and dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg (1959) accomplishment, the work itself, responsibility, growth and recognition, and company policies, work  conditions, supervision including relations with peers and management, salary causing respectively the two different distinctions. Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction portrait two different human needs driven by salary to purchase shelter and food and by actions leading to grow and attain (Herzberg, 1987). However, job satisfaction does not imply always-high level of productivity or excellence of motivation response. Practicing in business, the challenge at work is to raise the utility of ability of employee leading to the growth of responsibility levels. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory and Maslow’s are the main theories of motivation. Continuing with Maslow’s model, Maslow classifies the human needs and examines how the classifications are connected to each other. A person starts at the bottom level, where they try to satisfy basic needs (food and house). When the needs have been fulfilled, there are no longer a motiving force and the individual goes to the next stage. Moving on the rest hierarchy; we can recognize safety needs (loss or protection against unemployment), social needs (communication, teamwork), esteem needs (human to be accepted and valued by others, respect from others) and self-actualization (how people think about themselves) (Maslow, 1954). If the management can find which level of need each employee expects, they can then decide corresponding rewards. Besides, one of the most relevant process theories of motivation is Adams’ Equity Theory. According to Adams, the theory argues the comparison of employee’s job input and outcome and also the same with that of other person at the same level (Mowday, 1991). Adam identified inputs as characteristics (age, sex, education, social status) that guide individual to ‘’social exchange’’ for an effort. Outcomes are specified as the benefits, the rewards or privileges (money, work duties, better status, power, authority). The employee is not moved to an action when there is a balance between inputs and outcomes, because they are already satisfied and equality exists. However, if the individual notices that the ratio of outcome/input is less than that of expected, then inequality exists and motivation forces start to build up the lost equity. It should be noted that there are two main different ways to restore the equity. Either the individual might choos e higher outcome based on their lower inputs, or reduce the inputs in relation  to the same outcome (Adams, 1965). The actual purpose is the equality between input and outcome. Therefore, inequality could be when the employee is either over-rewarded or under-rewarded (Fok et al, 2000). It was initially proposed in the early 1960s the Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom, which premises the significance of motivation. The theory tries to examine why individuals choose specific behavior or action. According to Vroom (1964), there are three central components; Expectancy (effort leading to a particular level of performance); Instrumentality (that performance will lead to outcomes); Valence (the value that the individual places on the outcome). Droar (2006) suggests that for a person to be motivated the key elements must be linked. Otherwise, Porter and Lawler (1971) argue that Expectancy theory needs to be updated, because it includes some flaws. For example, an employer gives a reward, such as a promotion or financial bonus hence the employees will bonus their productivity to gain the reward. However, this only works if the employees believe the reward is favora ble to their actual needs. Apple is a company that can be used to exemplify the theory of Herzberg. Behind Apple and the design of products by employees is the psychology of extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics driven by the question ‘’Will I enjoy using this product myself? ‘’. The extrinsic motivation is based on rewards for executives by giving them 3%-5% bonus of their salary. Next, all Apple employees receive discounts on products or they might receive free iPhone or iPad if they are on the developing team (Issaacson, 2011). This is more efficient than the increase of the salary as long as they see in front of their eyes the results of the effort, but also it is cheaper for Apple. In addition, intrinsic motivation is driven by corporate culture. Employees are weightily committed to their job, as ‘’monotonous encoding’’ that they enjoy it (Issaacson, 2011). The culture of Apple was forced by Steve Job. What motived him to follow his dream and his heart was the passion, creating innovative products based on enjoying using himself rather than to bring profits to Apple. The core principles for this are: Do something direct for your life; Get better and better at something that matters; There is no reason not to follow your instinc ts and your heart, nothing to lose (Awareness of his death) ; Understand that you live only once. Apple is a company that works and thinks outside the box helping people to change the world (Gladwell,2011). Furthermore, Freese and  Nichols (FNI) is a practical example of expectancy theory. FNI is the first engineering/architecture firm to receive this honour. Employees are trained to improve quality in the work and seminars and FNI University training offered by the company. Workers have the authority to work on their own. In 2010 FNI gained the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. In addition, Starbucks Corporation, the most famous chain of coffee shops in the world, attracts customers for its quality and the good value for money while the prices are high. Beyond, the employees are also satisfied. Major motivational principle of king of coffee is the equity, meaning how fair the employees are treated by the employers during their work (Economist.com , 2009). For Starbucks employees are partners, not just employees, giving them valuable knowledge and training and providing them with rewards and benefits. Besides, Starbucks offer a creative and excellent work place, as part of ethics program, where the company treats its ‘’partners’’ with respect and prestige. Motivation theories should be examined in a deeper and macro level. Firms corporate operate and have subsidiaries in different countries, where there are different employees around the world with different cultures and values. It is complicated for an organization to motivate different cultures, for the reason why each has different temperament and the ranking of needs differs among cultures. The motivation to work differs across cultures and this could be illustrated the following example. In countries where there is high risk of economic failure the reward of success is low, like Greece, where there is an enthusiasm for work because the deep recession. Great enthusiasm for work could be found when high uncertainty of outcome combined with positive reward (Triandis,1982). To conclude, according to the background theories, personal goals are contributing to the developing of human behavior. They are used by individuals to monitor, to modify and evaluate their behavior. Generally speaking, motivation can be preferential and selective aspect of particular behavior. It should be understood that motivation is important for the explanation of force toward a particular behavior or action. Vroom’s expectancy theory also places emphasis on the importance of motivation in the explanation of why people choose a particular action or behavior. Managers’ responsibility is to inspire, empower, envision and motivate employees for the fulfillment of their needs based on the different cultural  background. References Adams, J. (1963) Towards an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 p.422-436. Adams, J. (1965) Inequity in social exchange . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press. Droar, J. (2006) Expectancy theory of motivation. Economist.com (2009) Woke up, smelled the coffee. [online] Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/14536977 [Accessed: 23rd October 2012 ]. Fok, L. et al. (2000) Human factors affecting the acceptance of total quality management. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 17 (7), p.714-729. Freese and Nichols Website (2010) Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Report. [online] Available at: http://www.freese.com/sites/default/files/Malcolm%20Baldrige%20Service%20Sheet.pdf. Gladwell, M. (2011) The Tweaker: The Real Genius of Steve Jobs. New York:. Herzberg, F. (1987) One more time:How do you motivate employees. Harvard Business Review, 65 (5), p.109-120. Herzberg, F. et al. (1959) The Motivation of work. 2nd ed. Barbara B. Snyderman:. Isaacson, W. (2011) Steve Jobs. New York: Simon and Schuster. Locke, E. and Latham, G. (1990) A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. Prentice Hall: Englewood, NJ. Maslow, A. (1954) Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row New York, p.91-93 , 256. Mowday, R. (1991) Motivation and work. New York: McGraw-Hill. Porter, L. and Lawler, E. (1968) Managerial Attitudes and Performance. Homewood: IL:Richard D. Irwin Inc. Triandis, H. (1982) Cross-Cultural Management :Conceptual Analyses. International Studies of Management and Organization, 12 (4). Vroom, V. (1964) Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

A Strategic Consultancy Plan For Improve Prey Tattoo Parlor

Objective and overview The objective of this project proposal is to create a strategic consultancy plan to improve Prey Tattoo Parlor. Encho Ivanov is a young and talented tattoo artist, his studio; â€Å"Prey Tattoo† is in the small town of Dobrich, Bulgaria. Encho has just moved back to Bulgaria and opened his own business after working in a top tattoo parlor in London. Since Prey Tattoo is a one-person company, he needs help as soon as possible to figure out how the market is doing, to upgrade his client portfolio and to get his brand known. With this proposal, I want to help Encho achieve his vision, which is to be promoted and seen as a premium tattoo studio. He also wants to have values like the respect for clients, maintenance of great†¦show more content†¦Approximately about four to six clients per week, whilst in the studio he worked in London, he would usually have about four clients or more per day. I need to know why this is happening, and what we can do improve and attract more clients. Encho had already worked in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria; he still has some of the research data he did for the tattoo parlors he worked in. For example, the designs that sold more were usually the smaller ones and there were more bookings during the summer time. The frequent clients were usually 18 to 45 years old and there was an equal average of women and men that got tattoos. Most of the customers became loyal when they were satisfied with their tattoos and would usually come back for more, as well as spreading word of mouth compliments to the artist that attracted friends of the clients to his studio. Apart from that and from all the other studios he has worked in, he noticed that most of them do not invest in marketing and advertising, apart from social media pages. Right now, Prey Tattoo Parlor does not have enough communication material and counts only with his business cards, the front of his studio (fixed banner) and his website. He also does not participate in local and international tattoo events and fairs, and this is of extreme importance. He is not happy with his website and he would like to update it, as well as to create new social media pages

The Legacy Of Great Leaders - 1462 Words

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